Childhood Map

Discover the amazing things 5-year-olds are learning — from climbing and jumping to friendships, feelings, and first words on a page. Each skill comes with fun activities you can try together.

Physical & Motor Development

Whole-body and fine movement skills including strength, coordination, balance, and the physical foundations for daily life and learning.

Sources (9)
  • CDC/AAP Developmental Milestones
  • ASQ-3
  • UK EYFS (Physical Development)
  • Polish Podstawa Programowa (Fizyczny)
  • Montessori (Practical Life)
  • Waldorf/Steiner
  • PDMS-2
  • BOT-2
  • Head Start ELOF (Perceptual, Motor & Physical Development)
8 Subdomains
Gross Motor - Locomotion10 Gross Motor - Balance & Stability12 Gross Motor - Object Control Fine Motor - Hand Strength & Dexterity Fine Motor - Pre-Writing & Drawing Bilateral Coordination Oral-Motor Skills Health, Safety & Nutrition
Gross Motor - Balance & Stability

Maintaining body equilibrium during static and dynamic activities.

Examples & Achievements

  • Stands on one foot for 10 seconds
  • Walks along a balance beam or line on the floor
  • Balances while carrying an object
  • Can freeze in different poses during a game

How to Measure

  • Single-leg stance duration (target 10+ seconds)
  • Walking heel-to-toe along a straight line for 3+ meters
  • BOT-2 Balance subtest
Sources (3)
  • CDC/AAP Milestones
  • BOT-2
  • PDMS-2
12 Exercises
Flamingo Stand Tightrope Town The Waiter Game Musical Statues Bat in the Cave Wobbly Island Zigzag Zoomers Scarecrow Catch Caterpillar Walk Jack-in-the-Box Helicopter Spin Animal Yoga Garden
Bat in the Cave

A sensory balance challenge where the child closes their eyes (like a bat in a dark cave) and tries to maintain balance using only their body sense.

  1. Have the child stand on a flat surface with feet together, arms at sides.
  2. Say: “You’re a bat in a dark cave! Bats can’t see in the dark, but they can feel where they are. Close your eyes and see how long you can stand perfectly still.”
  3. The child closes their eyes (or wears a blindfold/sleep mask) and tries to stand still for 10 seconds.
  4. Count aloud slowly.
  5. Once comfortable with feet together, progress to single-leg stance with eyes closed.
  6. End each round by “flying out of the cave” — child opens eyes and runs with arms out like bat wings.

Variation: Play “Sleeping Bat” — child stands on one foot with eyes closed and counts to 5 before “waking up.” Try standing on a soft surface (pillow, folded towel) with eyes closed for extra challenge. Play in a dimmed room for a gentler introduction.

Requirements

  • Space: 1–2 square meters of clear space
  • Surface: Flat, stable floor; carpet or gym mat is ideal
  • Materials: None required; optional sleep mask or bandana as blindfold
  • Participants: 1 adult + 1 child (adult counts, spots, and ensures safety)
  • Supervision: Active — stand within arm's reach at all times; the child cannot see hazards

Rationale & Objective

Removing visual input forces the child to rely on vestibular and proprioceptive systems for balance — the two “hidden” sensory systems critical for postural control. The BOT-2 Balance subtest specifically includes “standing with eyes closed” as a higher-level item. Normative research shows that children stand significantly longer with vision than without, and this difference is especially pronounced ages 4–6. By age 6 children should stand on one foot with eyes closed for 10 seconds. Practicing eyes-closed balance accelerates vestibular- proprioceptive integration and builds the sensory foundations children need for complex motor tasks.

Progress Indicators

  • Early: opens eyes immediately or within 1–2 seconds; sways significantly with eyes closed even on two feet; needs to hold parent’s hand
  • Developing: keeps eyes closed for 5–8 seconds on two feet with moderate sway; can attempt single-leg stance briefly (1–3 seconds) with eyes closed
  • Proficient: stands on two feet with eyes closed for 15+ seconds with minimal sway; single-leg stance eyes-closed for 3–5 seconds; body relatively calm
  • Advanced: single-leg stance with eyes closed for 8+ seconds; can stand on a soft surface with eyes closed; can slowly walk 3–4 steps with eyes closed between guide ropes or walls

Safety Notes

  • Always stand within arm’s reach — this is critical; children lose balance rapidly without vision
  • Clear the surrounding area of all sharp objects, furniture corners, and tripping hazards within a 1-meter radius
  • Use a soft surface (carpet, mat, grass) to cushion any falls
  • Start with two feet together before progressing to one foot
  • If the child finds eyes-closed distressing, start with a dimmed room or squinting — never force full eyes-closed
  • Do not use this exercise near stairs, water, or elevated surfaces

Hints

  • Playfulness: make it a game of imagination — “The cave is dark but you can hear the waterfall… the bats are sleeping around you… stay still so you don’t wake them!”
  • Sustain interest: use a blindfold or silly sunglasses with cardboard covering the lenses to make it feel like a costume. Track progress together
  • Common mistake: jumping straight to one-foot-eyes-closed. Build up gradually: two feet eyes open → two feet eyes closed → one foot eyes open → one foot eyes closed
  • Limited space: needs virtually no space. Can be done standing next to a wall (child can touch wall for initial security, gradually moving hand away)
  • Cross-domain: heighten other senses — “What sounds can you hear while balancing with eyes closed?” (auditory attention). Name body parts that feel tense or wobbly (body awareness vocabulary)
  • Progression: two feet eyes open → eyes closed → one foot eyes open → eyes closed → soft surface eyes open → soft surface eyes closed → walk with eyes closed

Sources

  • BOT-2 Balance subtest — standing with eyes closed items
  • Normative data: children stand significantly longer with vision than blindfolded, ages 4–6 (PMC, Contemporary Normative Values for Static Standing Tasks, 2025)
  • Balance developmental milestones — eyes-closed single-leg stance expected by age 6 (Pediatric Therapies Hawaii)
  • Gallahue, D.L. & Ozmun, J.C. — Understanding Motor Development: visual-vestibular-proprioceptive integration in balance development

Childhood MapPhysical & Motor DevelopmentGross Motor - Balance & Stability

Bat in the Cave

A sensory balance challenge where the child closes their eyes (like a bat in a dark cave) and tries to maintain balance using only their body sense.

  1. Have the child stand on a flat surface with feet together, arms at sides.
  2. Say: “You’re a bat in a dark cave! Bats can’t see in the dark, but they can feel where they are. Close your eyes and see how long you can stand perfectly still.”
  3. The child closes their eyes (or wears a blindfold/sleep mask) and tries to stand still for 10 seconds.
  4. Count aloud slowly.
  5. Once comfortable with feet together, progress to single-leg stance with eyes closed.
  6. End each round by “flying out of the cave” — child opens eyes and runs with arms out like bat wings.

Variation: Play “Sleeping Bat” — child stands on one foot with eyes closed and counts to 5 before “waking up.” Try standing on a soft surface (pillow, folded towel) with eyes closed for extra challenge. Play in a dimmed room for a gentler introduction.

Removing visual input forces the child to rely on vestibular and proprioceptive systems for balance — the two “hidden” sensory systems critical for postural control. The BOT-2 Balance subtest specifically includes “standing with eyes closed” as a higher-level item. Normative research shows that children stand significantly longer with vision than without, and this difference is especially pronounced ages 4–6. By age 6 children should stand on one foot with eyes closed for 10 seconds. Practicing eyes-closed balance accelerates vestibular- proprioceptive integration and builds the sensory foundations children need for complex motor tasks.